The world is full of unnecessary violence and human suffering. Do you know anyone who’d like it to continue like that? If we educate ourselves and look outside the box, we can create a better world for all. Peace and security can be learnt, making conflict illiteracy and most of the violence a thing of the past. Below is how – not in a column of 800 words but in a twice as long mini text book. It’ll enable you to think new thoughts and take the first steps into a hitherto closed but beautiful landscape.
By Jan Olberg
Here we go:
Conflict happen. They are basically a good thing. There is no human community without conflict – and if there were it would be a dictatorship, or utterly boring.
But how good are we – citizens, media and politicians – at dealing with conflict? Why do we often see violence where it could have been avoided and large violence where only a little, applied early, could have stopped large and long wars?
First a couple of ‘credos’ based on a few decades of experience:
1. Conflicts are usually much more complex than presented by the parties and those who intervene in them; many have existential dimensions too.
2. If we could learn to analyse and understand conflicts and reduce early, over-emotional side-taking – like we have medical expertise investigating diseases and treating patients instead of condemning them – we would have a more peaceful and just world with much less suffering.
3. Conflicts is a problem standing between parties – their solution is not located only in individuals but in changing everybody’s goals, attitudes, behaviour and visions of the future.
4. Conflicts can be solved/managed better if we address them sooner rather than later.
5. The moment violence has been introduced we face a much bigger problem: the original issue plus the humiliation, anger and wish for revenge.
6. Conflict-resolution can end in both peaceful co-existence and in civilised divorce, both requiring some traffic rules.
7. Don’t let your own emotions run away with you.
8. Don’t believe in two theories: that there is a good violence that wins over evil violence and that human evil explains any conflict.
Here is how the professional conflict doctor goes about it – think Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, Syria, terrorism, Ukraine or your personal small-group, everyday conflicts.
Begin with the diagnosis. If that is wrong, everything will go wrong so be careful with your diagnosis:
Who are the parties?
There are often many more than you think and there is never only two parties. Inside each party there are normally lots of divisions, e.g. government versus opposition – nationalists versus non-nationalists, majorities/minorities.
The parties are related to each other in time and space – detect the structure and many layers of the conflict!
The stage and the wider theatre
Conflicts play out at a geographical place, the stage,and that is where the media focus. However, the theatremay be much broader. Kosovo was never about Kosovo only, it was about Central Asia, Russia, strategic interests, NATO and control over rest-Yugoslavia.
Don’t mix conflicts and violence
Most people focus on the violence because it causes human suffering, death and destruction – and footage can be made of it. And they take sides quickly.
The underlying conflict(s) – what it is really about and what energises the use of violence is often ignored. So, instead of condemning violence, ask: Why do they do that?
And when you understand that, help them to stop it.
Just telling parties in violent conflict to stop being violent – ceasefire and no more – without addressing the underlying conflict is amateurism.
When conflicts are treated well, violence will fade. We see a lot of violence because people don’t know the better tools.
How the parties see it, not how you see it
Invite all the parties to a hearing or go and ask them: get a sense of what attitudes they have to each other, old grievances, traumas – how they see themselves (often as innocent, of course), the other(s) (often as bad guys, of course); what do they fear and what do they want in the future.
Always be respectful and don’t judge, just listen and observe – for instance fear or hatred in the eyes and (body)language – and register it all.
What do the parties actually do and why?
Is their grievance basically in words, thoughts or actions? Are they already killing in cold blood? Do they say one thing and do the opposite? Is their behaviour genuine or made to, for instance, attract media attention and sympathy – do they use media/marketing companies to ”sell” their behaviour. Do they adhere to one standard or double standards?
And, as analyst, keep your own biases/sympathies in check.
Conflict is a problem to be solved – not a matter of good versus bad people.
Before you judge and condemn the parties – and most certainly before you take sides – understand the issues.
Use history books, interviews, media, public statements and find out what is sales points and what is real issues that stand between the parties (remember a conflict is something standing between the parties not located in one party, country or leader: Iraq cannot be explained by Saddam’s existence alone, Ukraine not by Putin alone).
Different parties will tell you different versions of what ”it” is about – see where they overlap, where there is mutual understanding in spite of conflict and remember that all parties in conflict share one thing: they agree that what they fight about is important to them. That is a pointer to a solution.
Further is the conflict real or latent? Could we do early warning? Can we deal with it early so it doesn’t become so serious? Is it about different values or about how to share something the parties agree on is valuable?
Is the conflict symmetric or a-symmetric. What is a conflict’s economic, political, cultural, religious, gender, military etc dimensions? Is it about interests or motives?
Some experience-based dos and donts
Never trust black-and-white perceptions or a source that says that there are only two parties and one is right and the other wrong. Always ask: which parties are not heard in this media report?
Never ask leading questions but ask exactly the same questions and get the same information out of all parties. Never trust one or two media reports, always check other parties’ views and other views.
If you can’t go to the conflict zone, get hold of all parties’s views from their websites and blogs. Read Western and non-Western news agencies’ reports.
Define the parties as broadly as possible. Those you leave outside will make themselves heard perhaps through terror actions.
Don’t mix the violence and the conflict.
Always treat all parties – also those you personally perhaps don’t sympathise with – with utter respect (mostly people don’t fight just for fun). Listen carefully to what they say (and perhaps don’t say or don’t want to talk about).
Read everything about them and the conflict before you talk with them but when you do, forget everything you read and listen intensely. People in the conflict are the main source to your knowledge. Always!
Finally, like a medical doctor should not talk about a patient s/he has never seen, a conflict doctor should not have strong views without having studied the conflict and its parties carefully.
Diagnosis
On the basis of all the above points you can make you diagnosis. Then you can make a prognosis: What will happen to the conflict if Party A does this or that, how will B react.
And: If we as mediators propose something, how will all the parties react and what moves will they do?
Think many steps ahead and use empathy to find out what you may expect the other sides to do.
Treatment
This is where you bring in all the parties to an elaborate process of consultations, first one-on-one and then more and more. The main focus is the future – not grievances about the past: what would you, Party G, like to see happen in the future? Lots of brainstorming – slowly moving towards a core idea and then, as the last step:the negotiation table.
Only amateurs take people straight from the killing fields to the table; and failed negotiations are worse than no negotiations. Only amateurs meet at a place where the media wait outside.
When is a conflict solved?
1) When the conflict parties attitudes, behaviour and perceptions of the future have changed.
2) Not when some big guy has twisted the arms of a small guy but when all parties have been involved in a mediation-negotiation process and voluntarily accept the result. Without consent – e.g. referendum or other consultations – a peace deal will fall apart.
3) It is solved when the parties can address hurt and harm and and reconciliation and forgiveness can be put on the agenda. Perhaps with in a truth commission and in community projects aimed at long-term healing.
So what is conflict resolution and mediation
1) It’s a science: know your stuff, educate yourself. Fighting wars requires military knowledge; solving conflicts require equally much training, MA’s and university research. (Peace and conflict studies are now found at some 800 universities and colleges worldwide, growing mostly outside the West).
2) It is an art: It requires creativity to see a better future for all where the parties themselves are stuck in the present and the past (grievances) and – naturally – have tunnel vision.
Conclusions
1. The more you know about conflict handling, its science and art, the less you need violence.
2. Therefore, expand conflict-resolution and peace-making in your schools, universities, academies and media.
3. Decision-makers should have conflict professionals among their advisers.
4. Set up conflict-resolution academies next to your military academies.
5. You can become a conflict professional and leave conflict illiteracy behind.
Then you can help reduce the world’s suffering, violence and warfare and create peace. And with peace comes security and development.
Peace is to secure development and develop security – a permanent process towards a better-for-all society.
Peace is something you can learn.
But the world’s many MIMACs – Military-Industrial-Media-
That’s why the world looks the way it does.
But it doesn’t have to be like that.
